CME Journal of Medical Microbiology
ISSN: 3070-3638 | DOI: 10.64030/3070-3638
Arian Ghannadi Karimi, Amir Ershad Tavakolian, Darya Ipchian, Fatemeh Ghasemi Ghale Bahmani, Arsalan Jamali pour soofi, Managol Kayyal, Amirreza Geranfar, Sahand Kamali and Leili Noroozi Mollaei
Dry Eye Disease (DED) is a multifactorial ocular condition characterized by tear film instability, hyperosmolarity, inflammation, and neurosensory abnormalities. DED impacts millions worldwide, leading to symptoms such as irritation, dryness, and visual disturbances. In recent years, advances in diagnostics, treatment modalities, and understanding of DED pathophysiology have transformed its clinical management. This review examines the current evidence (2022–2024), with a focus on etiology, diagnostic tools, and emerging therapeutic options, while highlighting knowledge gaps and outlining future research directions.