CME Journal of Clinical Case Reports

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Diabetic Nephropathy Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Internal Medicine Outpatient Clinics Systematic Review

Abstract

Hanan Abdullah Alharthi, Fawziah Halawani, Nasserullah Kulib Albalawi, Ramah Mohammed Yahya Koriri, Nourah Alamer, Fatema Abdullah Al Thkerallah, Sumya Hassan M Daws, Amal Ebrahim Alsayed, Yarah Ahmed Alsaggaf, Tasniem Elsadig Zubair Mohamed, Anhar Khaled Gazzaz, Muhanned M Alqhtani, Abdulaziz Ibrahim Rashed Altammami, Saeed Ali Saeed Alashram and Shahd Mubarak Zaroug Osman

Background Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Understanding its prevalence and risk factors is crucial for early intervention and management.

Objective This systematic review synthesizes evidence from cross-sectional studies on the prevalence and associated risk factors of DN among T2DM patients in internal medicine outpatient clinics.

Methods A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for relevant studies published up to March 202 Studies reporting prevalence and risk factors of DN in T2DM patients were included. Data were extracted and analyzed using a random-effects model.

Results The pooled prevalence of DN among T2DM patients was 39.1% (95% CI: 36.7–41.5%). Significant risk factors included longer diabetes duration (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.8–2.5), poor glycemic control (HbA1c ≥7%) (OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 2.7–3.8), hypertension (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 2.6–3.7), dyslipidemia (OR: 2.8, 95% CI: 2.3–3.4), obesity (OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 2–2.9), and smoking (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.5–2.2).

Conclusion DN is highly prevalent among T2DM patients in outpatient settings, with modifiable risk factors playing a significant role. Early screening and targeted interventions are essential to reduce DN progression.

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